For instance, you can use old balls for the second round of the experiment compared to new balls. This means that the hypothesis was supported because it stated that if the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. This allows more elongation at lower stresses than occur at lower temperatures. I thank Dr. Choi for teaching me how to do this assignment and my parents for buying tennis balls for me. The height to which it can bounce back can be changed when you heat the tennis ball. Tension Loss. Temperature Quadratic ANOVA, Table 10: Ball 2 vs. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in to the core and compressing the gas inside of it. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. Hold a ball so its lowest point is at the 1 metre point. Therefore, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. Tennis balls in the 1400s were quite similar to the first tennis balls, butthey were stuffed with chalk, sand, sawdust, or earth. It will, however, continue to equalize stress after tensioning more quickly than the unheated string, so will lose a bit more tension than the unheated string. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. The setup was essentially the same as in Figure 1 but a computer controlled stretching program was different. Place one of the balls in the freezer for 30 minutes (you can do this while executing steps 9-14). Tension loss in itself is a misleading parameter because it is part of the larger concept of stress relaxation. Purpose The purpose of this project is to determine how tennis balls are affected by different temperature conditions. The results are not quite as tidy and a bit unexpected. Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. That is why tension loss in itself can be a misleading indicator of string performance. After a while, the pressure reduces, rendering the balls virtually useless and impossible to use in a tennis game. A good example of this would be, when designing buildings to survive in areas where earthquakes happen frequently. Figure 9 Elongation by temperature in setup #2. Does the Temperature of a Basketball Affect the Bounce of the Ball? The p-value remains, as it should at zero, when the regression was plotted in Graph 5, 6 the R squared value showed little improvement, few points are still predicted by the regressed line. Each contributes to how a ball performs. But how much higher or lower? Drop ball and mark where the lowest part of the ball is after the first bounce. Effect of Temperature on Strings. In general, players can compensate by adjusting playing style as well as making technical tweaks to their rackets and stringing configurations. (Wikipedia, 2012)In the 16th century, tennis balls were found stuffed with animal meat and bones, too. The courts are designed so that the ball can bounce off any surface and still be in play, yet it is in a confined area so you don't have to run to cover too much territory. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Wikipedia. The movement of the air and the squishing inwards when the ball has been dropped cause the ball to push out again, which is the reason for the bouncing movement. This increased energy and movement results in a higher bounce. For instance, some games are usually held during the summer, and others are held during the winter. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. That means theres more water in the air, causing it to be and feel denser. (Harriman, 2012)When the temperature increases, the gas molecules expand and as they expand, the energy of them increases, causing them to bounce more tempestuously. Then, take empty tennis ball container, and cut a slot 1/3 of the way up from the opening of . This time, the ball can be heated for longer than 20 minutes. We just wanted to let you know that we got a lot of information from this. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of temperature on the stiffness, elongation, tension loss, and maintenance of tennis strings. Tennis ball. A tennis ball is designed as a hollow rubber core with pressurized air. Many things are better when aged, and I would like to know if this is also true for tennis balls. Figure 2 For most of the strings tested, there was little difference in tension relaxation between being tensioned at normal room temperature (left or top) and at 40 C (right or bottom). String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. Bibliography .:. How does Temperature Affect the Bounce of a Tennis Ball? Place the thermometer on the ball. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. Table 1 shows the percentage spread from 0-40 C, from 0-20 C, and from 20-40 C. Because strings 8-15 did not have any data at 0 C, "NA" appears in those cells. Place one of the tennis balls in the freezer for 20 mins 2. Leave 2 out for 10 mins so they can come to room temperature. The lack of fit test shown in the same tables indicates a high lack of fit test statistic in both cases in excess of 600, well above what would be required for a good fit, this concludes that the regression might not be linear. But because stress relaxation occurs at varying rates both before and after achievement of target tension, the magnitude of tension loss during the relaxation period (i.e., after the racquet has been strung) does not necessarily correlate to the total relaxation that has occurred nor to the final stiffness of the string. We are guessing that heat makes the molecules move faster in the bouncy ball, which gives it more elasticity, but I did not find anything in my research of this project that confirms that fact. Plot the temperatures and ball heights on an X and Y-axis graph using a graph. Elongation also behaved as expected it increased with temperature (Figure 9). As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. String materials vary in terms of their durability, given extreme weather conditions. The expected result was that the tension loss would increase for each string by about the same amount, regardless of whether it was heated before tensioning or after tensioning. Tennis balls were first made in the early 1300s. The other end was attached to a hand crank that pulled the clamp in the rig to stretch the string. Record it. This reordering occurs during both the stretching and post-stretching phases. This type of heating has a permanent effect. Using balls that are all new means that your experiment will be more consistent, and as such, you will be able to get the best kind of results. (Borlings, 2011)The game is outdated and is not played anymore. Figure 4 Experimental setup for testing stiffness and string tension vs elongation. Repeat for each of the hot and cold balls and record the readings for each ball. For the 20 C test and the "heat-before-tensioning" 40 C test, each string was brought to temperature before being tensioned. This is expected. The mechanism that is used to shoot the ball is a trigger, the trigger is what you pull to shoot the ball. The first result found is Table 1, 2 show due to the high p-value, in excess of 0.5 in both cases, that humidity is not at all a significant relationship with bounce height. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. Players will be able to use the conclusions in many ways. The stiffness, k, is calculated as k = dF/dx, where dF is the increase in the force when elongation increases by dx. Temperature Quadratic ANOVA, Table 13: Ball 1 vs. If a 82,37,and 70 degree tennis ball are dropped,then the 82 degree tennis ball will bounce the highest because the molecules in the 82 degree tennis ball will move faster. In doing this, high percentages of the efforts are normally exerted at the upper extremity of the body, while the rest at the lower extremity of the body. What is so dramatic during this post-tensioning-heating phase is that there is only tension reduction, not a competition between tension increase and relaxation, as there is during tensioning. For instance, at 70 degrees the temperatures were both 12.5 psi because that was the initial pressure of course. Why don't you do an experiment. The residuals vs. time graphs 17, 18 and residuals vs. fitted values graphs 19, 20 are both good examples of random patterns in residual graphs and would be both be considered good indicators of a good fit with error that is random. These acquired values show that the line is a good predictor of future points and where they will fall. (Wikipedia, 2012)In the 19th century, tennis balls were made of rubber. Temperature were Plotted in 15, 16 both again show similar patterns indicating a upward trend in the data and poor randomness, both would be considered poor indications of a good fit. A further study should be completed to see if anything else effects the balls differently to try and determine what makes the balls different. Once ready, remove the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position. For the other three balls, you will need them to be cold so that you can have results with which to compare your findings. 28 Oct. 2014. The colder air will also have molecules closer together, and they will also tend to be more inert in the sense that they will not be able to move around much. Time out of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that relationship can not be proven with the data from this experiment. Many aspects of the game of Bocce ball can be relatable to the simple concepts of Newtons original three laws, from the balls hitting each other (Newtons third law), to throwing balls harder to increase the force and then slowing down (Newtons first and second laws). From that data, the lengthwise stiffness of each string was calculated. . Figure 6 Composite view of tension loss by string and temperature history (indexed in order of tension loss at room temperature of 20 C). If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. The balls need to have the right temperature and air pressure inside in order to work best. A game played at higher temperatures will be much faster since the ball will rebound from contact with any surface better than at low temperatures. Now the equilibrium between the tension and the bonds is broken. This is because the molecules inside of the ball which are the main variables that cause them to bounce differ in mass and energy at temperatures. Record the temperature on the thermometer. Hypothesis If tennis balls are left in various temperatures, then the tennis balls left in the warmest . Easy Experiment. Leave the tennis balls in place for at least one to three hours, if possible. Method: 1. Players often wonder how storing their rackets in the trunk of their car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension and performance. The question of concern was whether adding heat after stabilization would start (or accelerate) tension loss. Is a Photograph equally sharp in all area? Put 2 in the freezer, also for 10 mins, so they can First, make a way for the ball to drop from the same height every time. Bocce has really become such a widespread sport because you can participate no matter how old, what your race is, or what gender you are. According to Aleks Szymanski from tennisletics.com, tennis balls are hollow and contain air that expands in the event of high temperatures, causing the balls to bounce more freely. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape, the gas inside the ball acts as a spring and causes the ball to bounce into the air. The bladder inside the ball is what holds the air. The 40 C tests were performed in two ways: first by heating the string to 40 C with a heat gun just prior to tensioning the string to 28 kg (62 lb) and then letting the string stabilize at constant elongation for 100 seconds. This is due, in large part, to their construction. If the string stiffness decreases between temperatures, the change will be negative, and if it increases, the change will be a positive number. Fourteen strings were tested: 1 gut, 1 kevlar, 7 nylon, 5 polyester. Drop the ball from that height, and measure how high it bounced. University of Virginia Physics Department, n.d. When a tennis balls temperature changes, the balls gas-filled core undergoes an interesting reaction. Later, the data would be compared by calculating the percentage of the bounce height over the initial height. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. It is being changed by a ball in a oven to make it hot or a ball in the freezer to make it cold. Time was analyzed next in Table 3, 4. Equilibrium occurs when all molecular bond attractions are greater than the tension trying to tear them apart. Thermometer Tennis serve is the shot that starts off the point. As such, the heated ball will tend to have a higher bounce than the colder ball. At 200 seconds, the string was heated to 40 C. This took about 100 seconds. Only string number 7 does not fit the pattern of stiffness being inversely related to temperature. Average the results. This experiment was undertaken to quantify the effect of temperature on string. You need to be able to move quickly and effectively to reach the ball quickly and hit it. Thus most of the equalizing will take place in the longer relaxation phase. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, Incorporation, I. The first setup (Figure 1) was used to measure tension vs time for strings with different temperature exposure histories. Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *. Figure 12 Tension vs time for a string tensioned to 28 kg for several different time intervals prior to clamping. When the ball is still very new, there is usually a lot of air inside it. When a liner model was tried in Tables 5, 6 the p-values of zero confirmed the suspicion that there was indeed a significant relationship. The tennis ball will probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the cold. Easy Experiment. Figure 6 shows the result of post-heating for each string. The use of different kinds of balls will help you determine whether the temperature is the only variable causing your results to be varied. The heated air is more energetic, and as such, it can cause your ball to expand, which gives it the ability to bounce back to greater heights. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). You can also change how a ball bounces by changing its temperature. And we saw in Figures 7 and 8 that stiffness is proportional to temperature. Researchers Crawford Lindsley and Rod Cross performed an in-depth study exploring the effect of temperature on string tension and stiffness. As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. In this experiment, one will put the tennis ball at four different temperaturesroom, freezing, hot, and cold. If you are looking to add a bit of friendly sabotage to your tennis opponents game, consider popping a few of his tennis balls in the freezer beforehand. Once you have the right conditions under which to carry out your experiment, you can go ahead and start gathering the materials that will be needed. This means that the pressure is optimal for performance on the field. When the temperature increases, the gas molecules inside the tennis ball expand. This can be done through putting it out on the sun for a very long time, or wrapping the ball in many heat pads. Tension stabilization continues forever, but at a continually decreasing pace. Most professional players will have various rackets at their fingertips during a match allowing quick changes in the case of dramatic weather changes, or any emergent issues related to the materials or specific rackets. Then comes extension of the knees as well as hip flexion to start the movement - both of these movements are initiated by the quadriceps. First, find a tennis ball with a thermometer right next to it and leave it at room temperature for 20 minutes. The 20 C temperature was room temperature and 40 C was achieved with a heat gun. As you will notice from your experiment, the balls that have been treated to the ice chest with ice in it will tend to have lower bounces, resulting from the molecules moving around less and containing less energy. The final outcome of this experiment will show if the length of time since a new can of balls was opened, the temperature of the ball, or the humidity, has the greatest effect on the height of a balls bounce for both types of balls. Strings were stretched until they reached a tension of 28 kg (about 62 lb). This is not the expected result. Figure 8 presents just such a picture grouped by materials. Hi my name is Charly i was doing this project and i did`n know how to do this. A thousand seconds after achieving target tension and being clamped off, the string that took only 1 second to stretch to target tension lost almost 3 Kg more tension than the one that took 26 seconds. Krista Sheehan is a registered nurse and professional writer. Temperature Cubic ANOVA, Table 14: Ball 2 vs. Gas molecules are generally unorganized; they easily slide around and over one another to fill up any space they occupy. Then, drop the ball from a height of one meter. This machine measured string tension vs elongation. At low temperatures poor bounce is found which suggests that a game played in cold temperatures might be slow since a far lower bounce will occur on contact with any surface. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. Tests with this apparatus were conducted at 20 C and 40 C. 20 C was room temperature with air conditioning. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. What is the effect of. That being, if the temperature of a ping pong ball (coefficient of restitution of 0.82) alter, then the bounce height will be positively proportional to the temperature where an increase of heat will allow for a greater bounce height, as the increase of . The tennis ball will probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the cold. Table 1 Percentage change in stiffness between temperature spans. In particular, tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions. i was just worried even if they are correct or not. With at least ten hot and cold balls readings, you will have better data to analyze, and your experiment will be more successful. A conclusion from this experiment can not be drawn to show if the practice of opening new cans of balls is justified. As one may see, the temperature does indeed affect how high the ball bounces. For the cold ball, you are likely to observe a lower bounce consistently. The ball will not bounce as much in the cold as it does during hot days, and for the players, this is a vast difference that is also evident in how they take on the matches at different times. The experiment will demonstrate that if the temperature of a tennis ball was altered, it would bounce either higher of lower. The string ends extended past the end of the tube and were clamped. So, for the most part, adapting to weather or other environmental conditions can usually be done relatively quickly. When a tennis ball hits the ground, the force presses up against the ball, pushing the bottom surface of the ball in and compressing the gas inside its core. How do variances in tension loss due to temperature changes affect the most important property of string stiffness? They found that tennis rackets perform noticeably differently at different temperatures, as well as be affected by the conditions during which stringing itself takes place. All you need to do is roll a ball. The tennis ball was then dropped from various heights; 1, 1.5 and 2 meters above a hard surface, using a meter ruler, before it was dropped onto the ground and the resulting bounce height measured. Temperature Cubic ANOVA. Strong chair Tension was recorded throughout the process. The question also required me to determ wheter or not I could use the same weight as I normally do while using the stability ball? 5.Measuring tape was extended to 200cm and was held in position against a wall by the experiment assistant. The Effect of Temperature, Time, and Humidity on the Bounce of Tennis Balls. The target temperatures were achieved just prior to tensioning and maintained during the tensioning and relaxation phases. Thus, each string at 0 C was stiffest, followed by 20 C and 40 C (Figure 7). On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. Tape measure The experiment had four different temperature 12 , 51 , 75 , 111 . Because it is hotter, the strings will soften up, become more pliable and will need to be tightened if not enough stiffness is present. The pressure of the gas inside of the tennis ball is what determines how high the ball will bounce. Natural gut string is generally more responsive to changes in temperature. Hypothesis: The normal tennis ball will bounce higher than the tennis ball that was placed in the freezer for some time as the air molecule inside are not affected but for the cool tennis ball its air is compressed affecting its bounce. From the things they can controllike diet, rest, and conditioning, to the things that are relatively less predictablelike weather conditions and temperature, good players are continually considering all eventualities. The scientific equation for determining the pressure of gas is p=rRT, where p is the pressure, r is the density, R is a constant specific to the gas and T is temperature. Sheet3. Higher temperature allows weak secondary bonds between the polymer chains to break. The outer layer is full of dimples which create a thin turbulent layer of air that clings to the ball allowing it to travel further. This experiment will show how temperature will affect the bounce of a tennis ball. The temperature of the ball influences its coefficient of restitution. Does it matter when the string is exposed to a temperature extreme before, during, or after tensioning? The cubic fit is shown by R squared values of .396 and .331 and, the regression is able to predict between two and three times as many of the points as the linear regression. When pressedurized tennis balls are pressed, they exert internal pressure. However, at 63, The learning quesiton that I chose required me to perform atleast one exercise for each major muscle group on a stability ball. Even amateur players consider the effects important enough to open a new can every couple of days. The thing that is changing is the temperature of the tennis ball. The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. Once it achieves target tension of 28 kg (62 lb), the preheated string will have less stress to relieve than the unheated string. (Sheehan, 2011)Outside of the ball is felt, which is the furry, yellow fabric on the surface of the tennis ball. No conclusions can be drawn from this data because of such a high lack of fit. (Borlings, 2011)They did not bounce very well, however. This is because the ball will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it. Here is the data collected from the first bounce of each temperature. A quadratic regression was next tried as illustrated in Table 7, 8. With this, it will look at the movements that occur at each of the upper extremity together with the muscles that are in use at the joints. How hot the object or how cold the object. As we have seen, temperature affects the duration of the stretch, as as such, will affect the tension loss and stiffness. But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. Page #10 . Figure 12 Closeup of tension loss vs temperature for each nylon and polyester string. very interesting.Amazing amount of detail. This act is attained underhand or overhead. The strings were each given an Identification number from 1-15 (14 was omitted). Bocce ball was steadily rising and falling in popularity, until a major resurgence in 1896, when it was admitted an olympic sport, and has been part of the summer olympics ever since. Dependant variables:How High the Ball Bounces. If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is decreased, the balls bounce will be lower. Click the "Experiment" button to find out! co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. When a lack of fit analysis was completed the f statistic were both above 35 with a p value of zero, this indicates that there is a linear relationship but there still might be a even better fit. (Incorporation, 2011)In the late 1920s, tennis balls became pressurized. Why Is String Stiffness So Important To Power? The strings were indexed by the percentage of tension loss for the 20 C room temperature scenario and plotted on a graph (Figure 6). The normal probability plot of residual graphs 21, 22 both show generally a straight line, when the extremities are neglected. As an experiment, you can try to heat a tennis ball and see how well it will bounce. After the tennis ball reforms into its original shape, the gas inside the ball pushes back up and causes the ball to bounce into the air. While we think primarily about the effect of temperature on rackets and their strings, theres one thing that is also significantly affected by high temperatures: the balls themselves. Confirming beliefs and behaviors is as important, if not as sexy, as exposing the myths and follies of our concepts. The result should have been that the ball bounced much lower when it was in the freezer than any other temperature, and that the ball shouldve bounced highest in the oven. (Harriman, 2012)Likewise, a colder temperature causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. For the heating during the tension loss phase, the starting temperature was 20 C. Tension was increased to 28 kg and 200 seconds were allowed to pass. NOTE: IEEE WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR CITATIONS, SUBMITTED TO SABIO ACADEMY TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SR 90 JUNIOR RESEARCH COURSE AT SABIO ACADEMY. Whenever this ball falls to the ground, its air expands, causing the ball to bounce back. Likewise, will a tennis racquet perform differently at different temperatures, or will the stringbed stiffness be affected if the racquet is strung at different temperatures? It is the other way around for polyester the 20 string loses more tension than the 40 string. When the temperature increases, the gas molecules inside the tennis ball expand. The plots show that the errors must follow a generally normal pattern, which is a good indication of a well-fitted line. The result differed from expectation in that, except for 4 strings, the 40 preheat scenario had the least loss of tension. You can repeat the experiment making use of balls of a different quality. Once the arm has begun to accelerate towards the ball, the tricep brachii is then used to, The ball uses this kinetic energy to move up the usually 6 to 7 degree incline to the top of the playing field. In warm temperatures, the opposite is true. A string was inserted inside clear perspex tube with two open ends and through a small hole in a rubber stopper at each end of the tube. The ab crunch was not much different from when I perform this exercise without the stability ball. Generally, temperature affects a ball's resiliency, the spin and the density of the air through which the ball travels. A typical result is shown in Figure 5 at 20 C. Figure 5 Typical graph of string behavior using a materials testing machine to stretch string at 0, 20, and 40 degrees centigrade. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from How 2 Tennis: http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, Harriman, D. (2012, 7 24). 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